AD, BC, BCE, and CE, Historical Dates, Western, Islamic, and Jewish calendars and more

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First Atomic Clock
The definition of a wrist watch is a time piece that can be worn on the wrist, no? a professional construction contractor, proving that a HP 5071A Cesium Beam Primary Frequency Reference can in fact be used as a wrist watch. The watch keeps time to a few nanoseconds per day. The attractive display is based on 7-segment red LED technology. Batteries are included (they last about 45 minutes but are rechargeable). AC adapter included. There are no adjustments for daylight saving time; however the clock does handle leap seconds and keeps track of the [Modified Julian] date. This HP wristwatch includes 5/10 MHz and 1 PPS outputs. An internal keypad is used to set the date and time. Not waterproof nor even water resistant. High-performance models available.

Why Do We Have Leap Years?
There are several traditions and superstitions based on leap years. An old Irish legend says that women are only allowed to propose marriage on leap years; men must take the initiative any other time. Other traditions considered February 19th an unlucky day in which new enterprises, trips, and partnerships should not be started. People who are born on leap years usually celebrate their birthdays on 28th February, which is usually considered the legal birthday of people born on a leap year.
A leap year, also known as an intercalary year, is the one containing an extra day, normally February 29th, although this varies in certain calendars. In the Gregorian Calendar, which is used by most of the world, a leap year occurs every four years or 97 years out of every 400. This is done as a way to keep seasons, astronomical events, and time differences in sync. Without leap years, the Gregorian calendar would lose veracity in just over a hundred years, leading to time differences between day and night, and moving the equinox early. The Gregorian method is by far the most accurate way to creating leap years. By adding a 29th day in all years divisible by 4 (except for years ending in -00), the Gregorian calendar will fall behind only one day every 8000 years.
 
What is an Atomic Watch?
An atomic watch is a wristwatch that is radio controlled to keep the most accurate time on earth. You never need to set the time or date of an atomic watch because it receives a low-frequency radio signal nightly that keeps it in perfect synchronization with the U.S. Atomic Clock in Colorado. An atomic watch has a different mode setting for each time zone. When the watch receives the radio signal from the atomic clock, it also reads its internal program that stores the time zone setting.

 


 


 

What are LEAPs?

Long-term Equity Anticipation securities, or LEAPs, are equity, index and sector options with very long expiration terms. They were created by the Chicago Board Options Exchange (CBOE) to offer an alternative for investors with long term investing strategies
Like traditional options, LEAPs give the holder the right to buy or sell the underlying asset at an agreed upon price over an agreed-upon period of time. While traditional equity options are available with expirations ranging from
one to three months, LEAPs have terms extending out as far as three years. Both put options and call options are available. Index LEAPs are generally European-style and can only be exercised at expiration. Equity LEAPs are generally American-style and can be exercised at any time
prior to expiration.
The long expiration term of LEAPs does introduce some complexities. LEAPs are
 highly sensitive to interest rates, which are likely to change over the life of a LEAP. In a rising interest rate environment, for example, put LEAPs can actually trade with a negative cash value. This is especially important for equity LEAPs,as there is a strong incentive for holders to choose early exercise.
LEAPs can be priced using Black-Scholes pricing models and can be traded using the same strategies as more traditional options. Investors can purchase put LEAPs to protect long term stock positions or purchase call LEAPs if they expect a long-term bull market. Spreads, the simultaneous buying and selling of options at different strike prices implemented with LEAPs.
Difference Between the Western, Islamic, and Jewish calendars?

There are many ways of marking time — the day, the month, and the year.... Three primary ways are defined by the Western calendar, also called the Christian calendar or the Gregorian calendar; the Islamic calendar or Hijri calendar; and the Jewish or Hebrew calendar.

Gregorian calendar is generally used synonymously with the Christian and Western calendar. The Gregorian version, however, was actually named after Pope Gregory XIII. It has a year comprised of 12 months and 365 days, 366 in a leap year, which occurs by adding a day in February every four years. While the Gregorian calendar is based on the Julian calendar
The Islamic calendar is based on the emigration of the Prophet Muhammad and his fellow Muslims, the Companions or Sahabah, from Mecca to Medina. The emigration is said to have been commanded by God after many years of Muslim persecution. The emigration took place in 622 AD or CE according to the Western Calendar or 4382 AM (Anno Mundi, or in the year of the world) according to the Jewish calendar. Hirah is Arabic for emigration and so, the Islamic calendar is also called the Hijri calendar. Years prior to the emigration are labeled as BH, Before Hijra, while years after the emigration are labeled as AH, Anno Hijra or In the year of Hijra. The calendar is based on the lunar year, has about 354 days and 12 months, each with either 29 or 30 days. The names of the months are Muharram, Safar, Rabiul-Awwal, Rabi-uthani, Rajab, Sha’ban, Ramadan, Shawwal, Dhil-Q’ada, and Dhil-Hijja.
Another way these types of calendars differ is when the new day begins. In the Julian, Gregorian, Western and Christian calendars, the day begins at midnight. The Islamic and Jewish calendars, however, begin at sundown.
There are many other types of calendars; the Western calendar is perhaps the most popular, however. Another popular type of calendar — the Chinese calendar — is still used today for Chinese holidays and for astrological purposes. It is a lunisolar calendar with 12 months in a regular year and 13 months every second or third year. Days in the Chinese calendar begin at 11 PM, not midnight. While there is some dispute over when the Chinese calendar began, most believe it began somewhere around 2600 to 2500 BCE according to the Western Calendar.


What is the Difference Between AD, BC, BCE, and CE in Identifying Historical Dates?

The AD/BC method of identifying historical dates can be traced back to Catholic historians working in the early Middle Ages. Identifying historical dates until that point was often a complicated proposition, since different historians worked under different calendars. A Roman historian such as Josephus would have used the Roman AD notation, in which Year Zero was the largely symbolic founding of Rome. Converting historical dates to the standard Gregorian calendar would not have been easy. Using the birth of Jesus Christ as a central point made more sense to the religious historians. In one respect, there really is no difference between an AD/BC and BCE/CE system when it comes to historical dates. The year 23 AD is exactly the same as the year 23 CE, and 4004 BC is also 4004 BCE. References to historical dates under either classification shouldn't create confusion in a researcher's mind. Major historical dates such as 1492 AD, 1776 AD or 1941 AD would still be rendered as 1492 CE, 1776 CE and 1941 CE.
The term BC is short for "Before Christ". Historical dates before the birth of Christ become smaller as they approach the theoretical but non-existent Year Zero. Historical dates after the birth of Christ are classified as AD, short for the Latin phrase Anno Domini, or "in the year of our Lord". Contrary to popular belief, AD does not stand for "After Death". The BC/AD system for identifying historical dates has been in continuous use ever since the earliest part of the Middle Ages, at least.

Several centuries after the AD/BC identification of historical dates became popular, a new movement developed among scientists, historians and some religious leaders. The time following the birth of Christ was now referred to as the "Vulgar Era" in some circles. The meaning of the word vulgar actually meant 'common' at that time, not distasteful or obscene. Eventually many areas of the Western world adopted the less Christ-centered term "Common Era". Historical dates occurring before the year 1 CE would be considered BCE, short for "Before Common Era". Some have argued that the religious significance of the BC/AD method has already been largely forgotten, so the need for change is not readily apparent. The use of BCE/CE is still quite limited, although some experts see it becoming the dominant means of identifying historical dates within a century or two

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